References — Vitamin A (beta–carotene)
Mackinnon, E., et al. 2010. Supplementation with the antioxidant lycopene significantly
decreases oxidative stress parameters and the bone resorption marker N-telopeptide
of type I collagen in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. [Epub ahead
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07.30.2010).
Martin–Bautista, E., et al. 2010. Improvement of bone formation biomarkers
after 1-year consumption with milk fortified with eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic
acid, oleic acid, and selected vitamins. Nutr. Res., 30 (5), 320–326.
URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579524 (accessed 08.02.2010).
Arnlöv, J., et al. 2009. Serum and dietary beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol
and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a community-based study of Swedish
men: Report from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) study. Diabetalogica,
52 (1), 97–105. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18985315
(accessed 12.08.2008).
Rivas, A., et al. 2009. [Validation of questionnaires for the study of food habits
and bone mass.] Nutr. Hosp., 24 (5), 521–528. URL (PDF): http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/nh/v24n5/original1.pdf
(accessed 07.30.2010).
Sahni, S., et al. 2009. Inverse association of carotenoid intakes with 4-y change
in bone mineral density in elderly men and women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 89 (1), 416–424. URL (abstract): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/89/1/416
(accessed 12.08.2008).
Yang, Z., et al. 2008. Serum carotenoid concentrations in postmenopausal women from
the United States with and without osteoporosis. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 78
(3), 105–111. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003732
(accessed 12.08.2008).
Rao, L., et al. 2007. Lycopene consumption decreases oxidative stress and bone resorption
markers in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int., 18 (1), 109–115.
URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16941193 (accessed 07.30.2010).
Kawaguchi, J. 2006. Generation of osteoblasts and chondrocytes from embryonic stem
cells. Methods Mol. Biol., 330, 135–148. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846022
(accessed 05.13.2008).
Barker, M., et al. 2005. Serum retinoids and beta-carotene as predictors of hip
and other fractures in elderly women. J. Bone Miner. Res., 20 (6), 913–20.
URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15883630 (accessed 07.30.2010).
Bendich, A. 2004. From 1989 to 2001: What have we learned about the “biological
actions of beta-carotene”? J. Nutr., 134 (1), 225S–230S. URL:
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/134/1/225S (accessed 12.08.2008).
Heinrich, U., et al. 2003. Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount
of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema. J. Nutr., 133
(1), 98–101. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/1/98 (accessed
12.08.2008).
Semba, R., et al. 2003. Carotenoid and vitamin E status are associated with indicators
of sarcopenia among older women living in the community. Aging Clin. Exp. Res.,
15 (6), 482–487. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14959951
(accessed 12.21.2008).
Klipstein–Grobusch, K., et al. 2001. Dietary antioxidants and peripheral arterial
disease: The Rotterdam Study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 154 (2), 145–149.
URL: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/154/2/145 (accessed 12.21.2008).
Christen, W., et al. 2000. Design of Physicians’ Health Study II — a
randomized trial of beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention
of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed
trials. Ann. Epidemiol., 10 (2), 125–134. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691066
(accessed 12.18.2008).
Green, A., et al. 1999. Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation
in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: A randomised
controlled trial. Lancet, 354 (9180), 723–729. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475183
(accessed 12.08.2008).
Lin, Y., et al. 1998. Estimating the concentration of beta-carotene required for
maximal protection of low-density lipoproteins in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 67
(5), 837-845. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/67/5/837.pdf (accessed
12.08.2008).
Albanes, D., et al. 1996. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung
cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study:
Effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.,
88 (21), 1560–1570. URL: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/88/21/1560.pdf
(accessed 12.08.2008).
McAlindon, T., et al. 1996. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development
and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis. Rheum., 39 (4), 648–656.
URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630116 (accessed 12.21.2008).
Omenn, G., et al. 1996. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A
on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. NEJM, 334 (18), 1150–1155.
URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/334/18/1150 (accessed 12.08.2008).
Wolf, G. 1984. Multiple functions of vitamin A. Physiol. Rev., 64, 873–937.